GUYANA 2

Opportunities for investors within the energy sector include petroleum, gas and hydropower generation. Current energy policy seeks to ensure that stable, reliable and affordable energy is provided within an economically, environmentally and socially sustainable framework.

In the Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), Guyana committed to develop a mix of wind, solar, biomass and hydropower to supply both the demand of the national grid and the energy requirements for towns and villages in the hinterland. With adequate and timely investors, an ambitious target of achieving close to 100% renewable energy in the power sector by 2025 has been set. To support the transition from imported fossil fuels towards indigenous and renewable energy sources, the government is working to ensure that the appropriate enabling frameworks are in place, which include the National Energy Policy, the Green State Development Strategy (GSDS) and fiscal incentives. Consequently, the first phase of updating the National Energy Policy has been completed, this will be subject to public consultation before finalization. The overall goals of the policy are to provide a stable, reliable and economic supply of energy; reduce dependency on imported fuels; promote, where possible, the increased utilisation of domestic resources and ensure that energy is used in an environmentally sound and sustainable manner. The policy will therefore form the bedrock for addressing issues on energy access, energy security, climate change mitigation and climate change adaptation.

The Green State Development Strategy (GSDS), which articulates Guyana’s long-term development agenda towards a green economy, provides the overarching framework in which the National Energy Policy will be integrated. One of the central themes of the strategy is the transition towards renewable energy and greater energy independence as the strategy also places significant emphasis on ensuring the full delivery of a modernised energy sector, with an increased mix of clean and renewable energy resources.

The Government iso acting on the charge given by the President for the public sector to lead the way in transitioning towards greater renewable energy use. Consequently, in 2017, the Government commenced a renewable energy programme for the installation of about 1.36 MW of solar power including roof-mounted grid-connected solar PV systems for 70 government buildings. The programme continued in 2018 with the installation of 1.4 MW of new solar PV on 75 public buildings.

In facilitating grid interconnection and the uptake of RE for electricity generation, the main utility, Guyana Power and Light Inc. drafted a National Grid Code for the Integration of Distributed Generation which provides a commercial and technical framework to accept electricity from RE sources unto its distribution network and streamline the procedures for feed-in mechanisms. Plans are underway for the implementation of this Grid Code.

The 2017 energy efficiency programme resulted in a Contract for replacement of inefficient lights and the installation of 10,427 light-emitting diode (LED) lamps and 3,766 occupancy sensors at 46 state buildings and 360 energy efficient outdoor lights. Replacement of over 10,839 inefficient lights with energy saving LED lamps and 965 manual operated switches with energy saving occupancy sensors at 54 state buildings is proceeding..

The Government , with IDB support , implemented the Unserved Areas Electrification Programme (UAEP) during 2004-2010 to extend electricity to unserved areas. 5 Hinterland utilities were established to improve electricity access and a massive programme under the Low Carbon Development Strategy (LCDS)/Guyana REDD+ Investment Fund (LCDS/GRIF) provided additional solar photovoltaic systems to communities without grid access during 2012-2015. Nearly 20,000 solar home systems were distributed to over 200 hinterland and near-hinterland (rural) communities in all ten regions .

Fiscal incentives for developers, such as tax and excise duty exemptions for renewable electricity equipment and corporation tax holidays for importers of items for wind and solar energy investments have been offered. Selective renewable energy machinery and equipment are exempt from import duty and value-added tax (VAT).

Legislation was amended to remove import duty and value-added tax on compact fluorescent lamps and LED lamps to incentivize and motivate energy efficient behaviour. Incentives to promote EE in the transport sector include tax exemption and tax reductions of newer vehicles with smaller engines, tax reductions for hybrid and electric vehicles, tax exemptions for the installation electric vehicle charging stations and for transport biofuels.

Guyana-Suriname Basin

In 2000, the USGS sparked interest in the petroliferous Guyana-Suriname offshore basin with the release of its assessment of South American undiscovered resource potential. The 2012 update of this report identified the basin as the second-largest prospect on or near the continent. The mean values for the basin were 13.6 Bbbl of oil, 21.2 Tcf of natural gas, and 574 MMbbl of NGLs. In 2012, CGX and Repsol drilled wildcats that encountered high pressures, but both were plugged without commercial finds.

Estimated gross recoverable resources for Stabroek block rose to 5 billion oil-equivalent barrels, one of the most outstanding global finds in recent years. 10 discoveries derisked the basin, estimated to contain at least 7 billion oil-equivalent barrels, resulting in significant ramping up of exploration activities in other allocated offshore blocks. These deposits lie in the Guyana Basin which extends from the coast 150 km into the Atlantic Ocean. The UN International Tribunal ruling in September 2007, binding on Guyana and Suriname, settled the maritime boundary dispute paving the way for exploitation of hydrocarbon resources within Guyana’s Exclusive Economic Zone and Continental Shelf. Four companies are conducting exploration :- Exxon Mobil with its affiliate Esso Exploration and Production Guyana Limited is operator in the 6.6 million acres of the Stabroek Block with 45 percent interest. Hess Guyana Exploration Ltd. holds 30 percent interest and CNOOC Nexen Petroleum Guyana Limited holds 25 percent interest. The first phase of development is expected to start producing oil in 2020.

Alternative Energy

With its extensive river network and favorable topography, Guyana has promising potential for hydroelectric generation for both domestic consumption and electricity exports. To date, this potential is almost completely untapped. The Government is also keen to develop alternative energy sources such as wind and solar power.

Opportunities within the Energy Sector

• While Guyana is highly dependent on petroleum fuel imports , its vast natural resource base provides significant options for the development of renewable energy sources.
• Opportunities exist to harness natural resources to commission various scales of projects, from micro and pico-hydroelectric plants for hinterland electrification, to medium-sized renewable energy projects for the national grid, to larger scale hydropower projects for the export of electricity.
• Hydroelectricity promises a more reliable, cost effective, and renewable form of energy. To harness the country’s significant hydropower potential, resources are needed to reassess the 67 potential hydropower sites identified in the Hydroelectric Power Survey of Guyana 1976 and develop the priority sites to meet demand. Government plans to develop 2 medium-scale hydropower plants for the national grid ranging from 150-180 MW and 150-350 MW respectively. Hydropower potential is estimated to be 7,000MW. Hydropower sites have been identified as priorities for further consideration in an ongoing Power Generation Expansion Stud at Tiger Hill (25MW), Kamaria (103 MW), Tumatumari (57 MW), Amaila (172MW), Kumarau (143MW).
• Opportunities exist for power generation options from rice husk and wood-waste and high-pressure bagasse-fuelled cogeneration to augment power generation capacity, where feasible, to cater to higher demand .
• Guyana is a party to a Memorandum of Understanding on the Northern Arc (Arco Norte) Interconnection Project which seeks to evaluate the feasibility of collaboration on the energy transmission system for the electric interconnection of Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana and the northern cities of Boa Vista (State of Roraima) and Macapá (State of Amapa) (the Northern Arc Countries). IDB-funded Arco Norte Electrical Interconnection Study concludewd that an electrical transmission interconnection arc for the Northern Arc Countries is a viable project. Most of the energy for the interconnection grid is expected to originate from Guyana’s hydropower potential. Further studies to update Guyana’s hydropower inventory will be undertaken.
• In keeping with the UN Sustainable Energy for All Initiative, it is Government’s intention to attain universal access and equitable geographical distribution of green energy services at the least cost to consumers. The location of Hinterland communities and the boundaries of the national grid make improving energy access in remote areas challenging. In areas with access to electricity, many opportunities for large-scale agricultural and industrial development have been lost due to the extremely high cost of electricity. Therefore, greater interest will be directed to the Hinterland Region; particularly for the utilities in recently designated towns at Bartica, Lethem, Mahdia and the communities of Port Kaituma, Kato and Hosororo.
• Emphasis will be placed on delivering electricity to remote riverine villages, facilitating markets for the sale of biodiesel to the power producers in remote locations and working with farmers to encourage the use of bio-digesters at the household level.
• The nexus between electricity and transportation will be become more pronounced with use of hybrid and electric vehicles. At the first bioethanol demonstration plant at the Albion Estate in Region 6, the E-10 formulation – a blend of 90 percent and 10 percent ethanol – offers an opportunity for new commercial scale enterprises to transform the Transport sector and reduce gasoline consumption. Government plans to support industrial scale ethanol production to enable alternative transportation fuels to gasoline. There are also options to consider for promoting the production of crops for commercial level biodiesel production.
• World Class Oil and Gas discoveries as well as Guyana’s status as the home of the CARICOM Secretariat, present opportunities for investors to develop business services (e.g. convention services, catering, VIP transport, communications, logistics, training and development etc.) targeting international companies, multilateral organizations and non-governmental organizations.

Organizational Support

The Ministry of the Presidency promotes Guyana’s petroleum potential, negotiating exploration contracts and monitoring all exploration activities. The Ministry of Public Infrastructure is responsible for policy making and regulatory functions related to the electricity sector. The Guyana Energy Agency (GEA) develops and implements national energy policy and promotes energy efficiency and development of new and renewable sources of energy. The GEA, along with GO-Invest is a key point of contact for investors in the energy sector.

Contracts- Wood and Trees

International and local proponents for transparency and accountability agree that Government must continue publishing contracts for all natural resources. Release of petroleum agreements was a good start but it should not end there. Former Oil and Gas Advisor to the Government, Dr. Jan Mangal expressed these and other sentiments. “The government published most of the oil contracts but they need to publish all contracts for natural resource such as gold, timber, diamonds, etc. Guyana’s natural resources belong to the people of Guyana…”

Open Society Foundation of UK that supports civil society groups, denounced the piecemeal approach to contract disclosure, noting that if the overarching goal of the coalition administration is comprehensive transparency and accountability in the governance of natural resources, then it will publish all the contracts. “Governments ought to disclose the terms and counterparties of all natural resource deals to allow legislators and citizens to monitor whether the laws and regulations are being followed and to assess the quality of deals being made on their behalf.”
International Monetary Fund’s (IMF) ‘Guide on Resource Revenue Transparency’, and the Natural Resource Charter, consider publication of contracts to be best practice. The fullest possible information that needs to be disclosed relate to the granting of each concession, pre-qualified companies, successful and unsuccessful bids, and the identity of the beneficial owners.
OSF recommended that Guyana establishes an independent public agency that has oversight of the rights and the implementation of contracts and can make regular and timely public reports on any anticipated and concluded allocation of natural resources licences. “Citizens can only be confident about the integrity of the resource extraction process if they know about it.”

Guyana Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (GY-EITI), noted citizens support release of all contracts. At GY-EITI consultations, one of the major topics of discussion was the need for the government to release all natural resource contracts. Dr. Jadoopat said that citizens were informed of the EITI rules and regulations governing contract disclosure and cited EITI’s Standard 2.4 (a) and (b) clauses which state how disclosures are made by implementing countries.

Standard 2.4 states:

“2.4 Contracts. (a) Implementing countries are encouraged to publicly disclose any contracts and licenses that provide the terms attached to the exploitation of oil, gas and minerals.
b) It is a requirement that the EITI Report documents the government’s policy on disclosure of contracts and licenses that govern the exploration and exploitation of oil, gas and minerals. This should include relevant legal provisions, actual disclosure practices and any reforms that are planned or underway. Where applicable, the EITI Report should provide an overview of the contracts and licenses that are publicly available, and include a reference or link to the location where these are published. https://eiti.org/document/standard.”

While GY-EITI encourages contract disclosure as stated in the EITI Standard, this is not supported in Guyana’s laws. Jadoopat said that the Government in some cases, has no choice but to respect the laws.

“Government has to observe the local laws on contract disclosure. However, we will continue to encourage and advocate for the change of these laws. We hope that happens. We will try to influence the process in that direction within the capacity we operate in.” GY-EITI will push until contract disclosure becomes law.

Revenue Watch, a grant-making non-profit policy institute that promotes responsible management of oil, gas and mineral resources for the public good, supports the practice of contract disclosure in emerging oil producers. Governments must be held accountable for all contracts they enter, be they for the provision of roads or the purchase of goods. When contracts concern non-renewable resources, the need for scrutiny is even more pressing. Growing interest in mining, oil and gas contracts on the part of concerned citizens around the world makes a great deal of sense.

Given the history of government corruption and mismanagement of extractives, along with the environmental degradation, community displacement, violent conflict, and human rights abuses, Revenue Watch said it is no wonder that the calls for better government management of and more corporate responsibility in the extractive industries have never been louder. Contract transparency is critical to addressing better resource management and bringing contract stability to an industry notorious for corruption. Over the long term, Governments will be able to negotiate better deals, as the information asymmetry between governments and companies closes. In the shorter term, contract transparency will help government agencies responsible for managing and enforcing contracts, of which there are many, work in tandem.

With contracts publicly available, government officials will have a strong incentive to stop negotiating bad deals, due to corruption, incompetence, or otherwise. Citizens will better understand the complex nature of extractive agreements if they are out in the open and explained by the contract parties. States and companies may not be hiding anything of great import, but so long as contract disclosure is scattered and leaked materials suggest hidden horrors, that perception will persist—providing easy fodder for demagogues and politicians to make calls for expropriation and renegotiation in cases where it is not merited. Furthermore, contract transparency will result in more stable and durable contracts, both because they are less subject to the population’s suspicions and because the incentives for governments and companies to negotiate better contracts will be increased.

Contract transparency is a necessary element of any effort to promote the responsible management of natural resources for growth and economic development.

International advocates of good governance include, Executive Director of Agency for Security, Energy and the Environment (ASEA) of Mexico, Carlos De Regules. Guyana’s institutional framework, particularly its regulatory body for the sector must be independent, free from any instance of political interference.

“So before achieving full scale development of the oil and gas resources, Guyana has the opportunity to create an institutional framework that make the sector stakeholders operate in a responsible manner…
But I can’t stress enough that one of the ingredients of this institutional framework will be astute and honourable regulators. One of the characteristics of a good regulator is independence. You want regulators who are defining the rules for the long run, to be independent from the political cycle. They should also be financially independent so they can plan for the long term and have the resources to do so.” The sooner strengthened systems for environmental regulation are in place, the better for managing the sector.

Majority means majority: Norwegian political scientist says it’s 33

The Attorney General said that regardless of the House Speaker’s pronouncement when the National Assembly meets for the first time since the December 21 no-confidence vote, the matter would be taken to court. Amid legal and procedural uncertainty whether the opposition -sponsored motion was passed, Norwegian Political Science

Professor Bjørn Erik Rasch at the University of Oslo, is the latest expert to advise that the motion secured 33 votes – an “absolute majority” of the 65 seats in the House. Stressing that the absolute majority of Guyana’s parliamentary seats is 33, Rasch, who writes on voting matters, described as “strange” the Attorney General’s mathematical calculation that, split in half, the 65 members would be 32.5 rounded up to 33 votes plus another 1 to take the total to 34 votes. “It follows from the above answer that if one from the government side votes with the opposition, an absolute majority is achieved (at least 33 votes is the requirement for absolute majority).

“I do not understand why you should add 1… You cannot use “half men”, meaning that 33 is absolute majority. With 33 votes, you have more votes than the others. Majority actually means “more votes”; absolute majority means more than half of the members in the entire assembly – abstention disregarded.” Simple majority means more Yes votes than No votes, and because of abstention, the Yes votes may be fewer than half of the members.

Professor Rasch is the third expert to have disagreed with the government’s calculation that 34 represents the absolute majority of the House. The others are University of Georgia’s Dr. Keith Dougherty and Florida International University’s Mathematician Dr. Julian Edward who have already insisted that 33 is the absolute majority of the elected members of Guyana’s National Assembly.

Legal redress might be tough for the Attorney General and his team because Prime Minister Nagamootoo did not raise any objection in the House after the vote which the Prime Minister and President David Granger accepted. Stipulating or submitting to a particular interpretation of a rule without objection, they are prevented from challenging the outcome. Therefore, a question of fact is whether the government participated in the process believing that 33 votes constitutes a majority of 65.

If the government concluded that 34 constitutes the required majority after the process it may be stopped from challenging the outcome based on its belated discovery. The court will examine the government’s statements and conduct to answer this question.

Before the vote, the government, through its Chief Whip, held the position that it would have defeated the no-confidence motion with all of its 33 lawmakers. However, that changed when now recalled government backbencher Charrandas Persaud voted with the opposition to give it 33 votes.

One option available to the government before it takes the matter to Court is to have the National Assembly review its decision. The court may view the government’s explanation for changing its position as evidence that the government consented to and submitted to the 33 majority interpretation of the constitutional provision.

Opposition PPP has asked the government to resign and make way for general and regional elections within the constitutionally-stipulated period of 90 days following passage of the no-confidence motion and will support an extension of that period by at most one month to allow the Guyana Elections Commission to prepare for the polls.

Governance gap

Petroliferous Guyana Basin is the world’s largest new deep-water play and the government must develop a transparent energy policy. Guyana’s offshore is the gift that keeps on giving for ExxonMobil and its partners, with estimated resources from 10 deep-water discoveries of 5 bn bl of oil equivalent (oe) in reserves expected to generate an estimated $15bn in annual revenues. Government ability to regulate ands manage the windfall of funds unnerves energy investors whose interests were piqued by ExxonMobil’s success.

Economic collapse of neighbour Venezuela is the vilest example of “resource curse”. Doubts over the structure of the Natural Resources Fund (NRF), an initial proposal in a government green paper, are fuelling concern over future energy policy. Critics of the plan cite the disproportionate control by the finance ministry in its role as ultimate fund manager, although Bank of Guyana will act as operational manager.

Launch of the NRF follows international best practice but institutions are weak and heavily politicised. Control assigned to the finance ministry adds to anxiety about oil sector policies. Lack of transparency around contracts inflicted political damage at home and spooked international petroleum investors assessing the country.

Management of sovereign wealth funds (SWFs) in developing nations is stymied by weak institutions, corruption and lack of expertise in drafting energy policy. Government is aware of the risks, but efforts to devise a clear and watertight fiscal framework do not inspire immediate confidence.

Lacking a ministry for hydrocarbons ás regulator, Guyana transferred administration of the petroleum sector to a Department of Energy. Critics question how the fiscally sustainable amount (FSA)—the maximum drawdown from the NRF allowed in a fiscal year that can potentially be withdrawn by the finance minister—would be agreed. A mix of limited borrowing, responsible spending policies, transparent regulation and economic diversification will ensure an SWF will safeguard oil revenues.

Trinidad and Tobago created The Heritage and Stabilisation fund in 2007 to provide a source of savings, worth US$6.0 billion at September 25 2018. Under law, a minimum of 60pc of excess oil revenues over budgeted levels are deposited into the fund. The budget is forecast by the government, enabling it to manipulate the budget to ensure marginal or even negative gains. On election in 2015, it burrowed into the reserve on May 13th 2016 for a first drawdown of US$375.05 million, funded the 2017 Budget with a second withdrawal of US$251 million, launched a 10-yr US $1 billion International Bond at 4.5% on 28th July 2016 , signed a CAF loan of US$600 million and is borrowing TTD 4 billion. As a cash mountain grew in Central Bank vaults, the regime did not declare an emergency to mobilise aid in accordance with the Disaster Measures Act as citizens lost possessions, stranded in flooded oilfields, farms and swamps, NGOs, neighbours, volunteers, faith groups and diaspora brought relief and lifeboats to rescue victims of annual disasters. 75 per cent of farmers suffered severe losses.

Fears are mounting that Guyana’s finance minister will have comparable budgetary and fiscal priorities. With no quick fix, a past minister of natural resources and the environment said that the regime is aware of potential problems, with policies and action suited for national social and economic conditions. He acknowledges that Guyana needs more specific policies and strategies to “accelerate economic growth, continue to reinforce viable traditional sectors and promote economic diversification from both current and future revenues”. The green paper, subject to review and comments, is not yet finalised and can be redrafted. In broader economic terms, Guyana struggles to sustain fiscal buffers against commodity price fluctuations. Inter-American Development Bank reports fiscal performance averaged -3%, against 0.3% in the rest of the Caribbean between 2003-17. SWF debate excluded the opposition, business community and civil society. The December 21 no-confidence vote reflects a wider malaise. The coalition of A Partnership for National Unity (APNU) and Alliance for Change (AFC) with a slim parliamentary majority of one was slow to pass legislation, as the opposition took an obstructionist stance. This may change as national elections, due in 2020 are expected by March 2019.

Parliament will act, in theory, as the initial check on oil revenue management, approve the budget and review annual reports. The effectiveness of parliamentary oversight may vary depending on the size of a future administration’s majority. Under current green paper proposals, the sovereign investment committee will be appointed by the finance minister, potentially limiting the body’s autonomy.

Intersection of ethnicity and politics is an enduring affliction. Since independence, the Indian Progressive People’s Party (PPP) and the African People’s National Congress (PNC), ruled Guyana along ethnic lines. Violence and political protests prevailed prior to the coalition government in 2015. United States Agency for International Development (USAID) reports exclusion from state resources based on ethnicity. Crime persists, highlighting the challenges of governing an ethnically charged society and the burden on the multinational state to ensure equity and fairness.

Ideally, management of a fund for future generations should not be controlled at ministerial level. At the same time, the role of the minister of finance is relevant. As the clock ticks, the opposition questions the role of the finance minister as the fund’s ultimate arbiter.
Finding the right balance is vital. The SWF need not be the only solution. Guyana can establish two funds, one for investment and infrastructural development and a heritage fund for savings. Whichever approach it chooses to adopt, the opportunities are enormous. Greater transparency will only help boost confidence and potential investment.
In Ghana, with similar major discoveries in 2007 and 2010 and a Petroleum Revenue Management Act, reckless borrowing saw the country add just $500mn to its fund while borrowing $4.5bn.

The NIGERIA SOVEREIGN INVESTMENT AUTHORITY established to manage excess funds from the sale of crude oil, commenced operations in October 2012 with three funds; Stabilisation Fund, Nigeria Infrastructure Fund and the Future Generation Fund. 2016 ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS show total assets grew to ₦ 420.93 billion. Yet subsaharan migrants flee corrupt, resource-rich regimes to Europe, risking life across the Mediterranean Sea as the ancient scourge of disease, FGM, piracy, slavery and conflict take their toll.

Cost of fuels; port master plan

During the debate on the 2019 National Budget, Guyana was reported to be spending more to purchase fuels due to the closure of Petrotrin oil refinery, increased transportation costs from other sources and the inability of the Demerara River to accommodate larger tankers. Dredging Georgetown Harbour for larger boats and increased storage capacity will remedy this situation as international prices fall but remain high in Guyana.

The Shipping Association of Guyana (SAG) urged government to involve that organisation, shipping agents, terminal operators, brokers, ship owners and surveyors in developing a master plan for developing ports and harbours. Shippers, exporters, consignees, consumers all stand to benefit from lower freight. Improved conditions in the harbour will encourage larger and more efficient vessels which will, in turn, mean larger shipments and more revenues and alternative destination. The improved harbour could be an incentive for cruise ships as well as larger more efficient cargo ships to collect bauxite, wood, sand and other bulk commodities.

Guyana purchases its fuels at spot prices instead of futures – long-term contracts at a fixed price. It lacks that capacity. The opposition noted that falling global oil prices are not being passed on to consumers. Oil prices increased over the last year and will increase further even if prices stabilise because oil no longer comes from Trinidad so Guyana must go further afield for oil.

CARICOM agreed to abolish the Common External Tariff on extra-regionally produced oil, a tax not applied to purchases from Trinidad and Tobago, a member of the Common Market. That will lower cost as efforts grow to stabilise the price. Guyana lacks big fuel tankers to buy large quantities of oil at low prices for economies of scale even if oil falls on the international market.

New maps for land management, mineral location

Region One (Barima-Waini) would be the first to be mapped, a process that could last 9 to 10 months.

Mapping of Guyana is a four-year project after which the database would be continuously updated.

Work will begin this year, starting with Region One. at a cost of over $200M. Estimates for the overall remapping of the country from international suppliers range from “£20M ($5,277,906,928.82 GYD) to US $79M ($16,509,420,000 GYD)”.

The importance of good base maps and updated maps cannot be overstated. Work has commenced on the development of the land parcel database for Regions 2, 3 and 7 with the expectation that this will be taken across the rest of the regions in the coming years.

This is an important aspect in the management of all lands in Guyana since ultimately, a completed land information system enables the generation of accurate and important land statistics. This would aid data-driven development decisions and increase the efficiency in land management. The land parcel database involves geo-referencing of survey plans to determine which areas have been surveyed, which have not and which are vacant.

Simon Tattersall, Executive Vice President of AMTEC Resources Management Ltd. held talks with government agencies on the importance of mapping the country digitally. AMTEC, registered in the British Virgin Islands, worked in Guinea, Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Sudan, Yemen, Botswana, Egypt, Saudia Arabia, Zaire and Somalia. The company has also mapped the United Kingdom, Canada, Bolivia and Costa Rica.